Short version: I've just gone live with a new feature called "tagmash," pages for the intersections of tags. This is a fairly obvious thing to do, but it isn't trivial in context. In getting past words or short phrases, tagmash closes some of the gap between tagging and professional subject classifications.
For example, there is no good tag for "France during WWII." Most people just don't tag that verbosely. Tagmash allows for a page combining the two:
France, wwii. If you want to skip the novels, you can do
france, wwii, -fiction. The results are remarkably good.
Tagmash pages are created when a user asks for the combination, but unlike a "search" they persist, and show up elsewhere. For example, the tagmash for
France, Germany shows
France, wwii as a partial overlap, alongside others. Related tagmashes now also show up on select tag and library subject pages, as a third system for browsing the limitless world of books.
Booooring? Go ahead and play a bit:
That's the short version. But stop here and you'll never know what Zombie Listmania is!
Long version. LibraryThing has shown some of the things that book tags are good for, such as plain language, genre fiction, capturing identity and perspective, academic schools, staying current and changing over time. (Details and examples in footnote.*)
It also demonstrates some of the weaknesses, including:
- Idiots
- Bad actors (spammers, racists, anarchists)
- "Personal" tags clouding the tagosphere with junk (eg., "at the beach house")
- The lack of a "controlled" vocabulary results in ambiguous terms (eg., classics, leather, magic)
- Tags lacks the detail and focus available to a hierarchical subject system like the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH), eg.,
Great Britain -- History -- Elizabeth, 1558-1603 -- Fiction, or
Jews -- Italy -- Bologna -- Conversion to Christianity -- History -- 19th century**
As I've argued
elsewhere and in my
Library of Congress talk, problems 1, 2 and 3 are mitigated by having LOTS of tags. Idiocy, malice and personal junk fall out statistically. A tag here or there can't be trusted, but a large body of tags in agreement is different.
Problems 4 and 5 are harder to tackle.
Flickr has shown the way with one solution, statistical clustering. The screen shot below shows this--
clusters of images related to the tag "bow."
Some day--when I become a better programer?--I'm going to try this on LibraryThing data. It will help with ambiguity—the secondary tags on the various meanings of "leather" are surely wildly divergent! But I suspect it separates better than it clarifies. Flickr supposes that tags fall into discrete clusters, but subjects interact with books in extremely complex ways. On a more basic level, I am suspicious of the too-quick resort to algorithms against user data.*** After all, if computers are so good at figuring out meaning, why were users necessary in the first place? It smacks of technological revanchism.
So, where Flickr's clusters are automated, tagmash is a semi-automated process. LibraryThing does the statistics, but users decide what the meaningful clusters are. Some mashes are interesting and useful. Some aren't. By and large, uninteresting clusters won't last.****
This certainly helps with ambiguity. Take the problemmatic tag
leather, which divides easily into tagmashes like:
Now let's take the "focusing" power of hierarchy. As mentioned above, there is no good way to get at "france during wwii." The tag
Vichy covers some of the ground, but not enough. Tagmash provides an answer.
The book list is good, and a simple union gets around an imposed hierarchy. Looking at the related LCSHs, for example, one is left in doubt whether France is part of World War II, or World War II part of France—or what:
Of course, both trees are equally artificial.
David Weinberger writes how, in the real world, a leaf can be on many branches. But it's equally true that what's trunk and what's branch are largely about where you start--dirt or pinecone. Either way, branching happens. The order of the branches isn't necessarily important.
Even as it borrows some of the virtues of subject classification, tagmash keeps the strenghts of tagging. Subject systems are pre-built things. Now and then they get larger, but it takes deliberation and effort. What gets "blessed" is often surprising. I would have never predicted the unusually staid LCSH would have embraced:
But tagging has no limits. Think of the tagmash "erotica" and "zombies" and there it is. (
Tagmash: erotica, zombies). Want to know what chick lit takes place in Greece? (
Tagmash: chick lit, greece.) Young adult books involving horses? (
Tagmash: horses, young adult.) Poems from or about San Francisco? (
Tagmash: poetry, san francisco). Slavery in Brazil? (
Tagmash: brasil, slavery.) Non-fiction books about Narnia? (
Tagmash: narnia, -fiction.) The options are endless.
Of course, tagmash only narrows the gap. It doesn't eliminate it.
Tagmash: poetry, San Francisco still can't distinguish between poetry about and poetry from San Francisco--it involves whatever is tagged "San Francisco" and that's probably a mixed bag.***** Well-planned and carefully executed subject systems have strengths that no ad hoc, regular-person system can match.
Lastly—let there be no doubt—tagmash needs a very large quantity of tags to work. For tagmash after tagmash, the data is simply insufficient.
You've made it to Zombie Listmania! There are some obvious directions this can go:
- The syntax can improve, for example to allow alternates (eg., humor, cats/dogs)
- The syntax can include non-tag factors, such as formal subject headings (Tag: zombies, LCSH: love stories), languages, dates, authors and so forth.
- The syntax can include weights (eg., Zombies 50%, vampires 50%, love stories 90%). Abby and I experimented with just such a system, creating algorithmic proxies for BISAC (bookstore) headings. It isn't that hard to do.
- Complex mashes could acquire titles and other metadata.
- Users could follow a tagmash, and be alerted whenever new material enters the list.
Amazon calls its static, or dead, lists "Listmania." All these tend to create a "Zombie Listmania," lists of books that "won't stay dead." Instead, they change over time, as the underlying social and non-social data change. There's no reason you couldn't create "Zombie" versions of formal subject headings—a series of tags and other markers which approximated the content of a professionally-assigned subject heading.
Pretty cool idea, I think. We'll see what we can do about it.
Details.
- Tagmashes can be made from any tagmash or tag page. Just search for a tag or two or more tags with a comma between them. The URLS are the same /tag/ plus a tag or tags separated by commas.
- The weighting of tags is wiggly. We're trying to get at both raw numbers of tags on an item and the relative salience (number divided by total number of tags), and then cross this data tag-by-tag. There is no obvious answer. In an ideal world, some tags would about salience (eg., humor) and others would be threshholds (eg., fiction)--that is, when you're looking for humor, fiction you want the funniest fiction, not the most fictional humor.
- You can enter the tags in any order, but it will reformat your URL in alphabetical order, with the minuses at the end, such that "wwii, france" is the same as "france, wwii."
- A single minus (-fiction) "discriminates" against items tagged "fiction." A double minus (--fiction) disqualifies all books with the fiction tag.
- Tagmashes don't get built until someone builds them. The first time can take a while to generate. There is currently no system to expire older or underused tagmashes.
- UPDATE: I'm seeing a lot of part/whole tagmashes. These rarely work. When you search for "Einstein, science" or "Manet, art" you're not doing much more than putting a statistical cramp on the smaller of the two tags—a few Manet books won't have an art tag, and that will be the end of them. Tagmashes work with different things, not a thing and its category.
Footnotes!*What's good about tagging:
- Tags use everyday terms (the tag cooking vs. the subject cookery)
- Tags are great for genre fiction that subject systems can't keep up with as fast or as well as their readers (chick lit, cyberpunk, paranormal romance)
- Tags often encode subtleties that "controlled vocabulary" irons out (lgbt, glbt, queer, gay, homosexuality)
- Tags capture identity and perspective that subject systems can't or wont (queer, glbt, lgbt, christian living)
- Tags are good for schools of thought (intelligent design, austrian economics)
- Tags respond quickly to change (hurricane katrina)
- Tags "keep happening" in a way that systems like LCSH do not, getting added to books where LCSH misses the "first wave" of anything new (memetics, sociobiology)
**I've left out one problem, not covered at the LC—how "democratic" weighting can put
Angela's Ashes at the top of the
Ireland tag. books. I want to write a blog post on the topic sometime. I think there are ways around it, and algorithmic solutions that nobody has really tried.
Aside: Much LIS anti-tagging polemic focuses on the most trivial of problems—spelling mistakes and "incorrect" tags. The former underestimates technology, the latter insults our intelligence. LibraryThing has dealt with the spelling problem, and has seen very few "wrong" tags. In fact, there are some serious problems with tagging. But you have to understand tags before you can see the problems, and many refuse to get past the idea that people will spell "white" wrong, or tag white horses as black.
***This is half formed. I have a problem with the reflexive "turn" from people-centered data to algorithms. I see this pattern again and again in software. Something transformative happens--something human. But it's imperfect, so programmers conclude that programs will fix humans. In a way, it's a reassertion of importance. More often, humans fix humans. To adapt David Weinberger, the answer to user-generated data is MORE user-generated data.
****Probably there's got to be some system to expire unused clusters.
*****UPDATE: After turning the feature loose I watched what new tagmashes would be created. One was
children, cooking. Should I call the police?
Labels: new feature, tagging, tagmash
I've flogged David Weinberger's 
The word is finally out about 
Now the truth can be told. I love Clay Shirky.
Now catalog and tag the book 
Or take Heilbroner's 
